The effect of the APOE genotype on Alzheimer´s pathology in pathological ageing and Alzheimer´s disease
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Background: The pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid-P (AP) plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles. The APOE E4-allele is the most important genetic risk factor behind AD and has been linked to the metabolism of AD neuropathology. For unknown reasons, individuals with pathological ageing (PA) remain cognitively intact despite substantial amounts of AD pathology. Aims: To investigate the effect ofthe APOE genotype on AD-related neuropathology in brains with pathological ageing and brains with Alzheimer' s disease. Methods: A cross-sectional neuropathological study investigating frontal cortex brain tissue from 73 cognitively healthy individuals (57 ofwhom classified as PA cases) and 120 AD cases. Frontal cortex slides were stained for AP and tau pathology, using immunohistochemistry, and analysed digitally with a macro in the software ImageJ. The study was conducted at Queen Square Brain Bank, London, and had ethical approval. Results: The APOE E4-allele was significantly more frequent among AD cases than controls (p-value <0.001), while the APOE E2-allele was more frequent among controls (p-value 0.013). AD cases had significantly higher loads of AP and tau pathology than controls (pvalues <0.001 ). The APOE E4-allele was associated with higher AP and tau pathology loads in general, irrespective of cognitive function (p-values 0.001 & <0.001). TheAPOE genotype did not appear to affect AD pathology loads when P A cases were analysed separately from AD cases. Conclusion: Our results indicate that APOE genotype affects both AD risk and AD pathology in the population at large. We were not able to confidently determine whether the effect of the APOE genotype on AD-related pathology loads differs in pathological ageing compared to its effect in AD cases. This remains an important question to answer in light of its implications for our understanding of AD pathogenesis.