Advancing Automated Logistics: Operational Requirements, Costs and Benefits, and Safety Considerations in RORO Terminals

Abstract

Many industries are reshaping with the help of Industry 4.0, including the logistics sector. RORO terminals worldwide are under-digitalized and under-digitized, leading to inefficient processes and bottlenecks. With the rapid development of AI and AV technology, this thesis aims to understand what operational requirements exist for the RORO terminal in Gothenburg, and what benefits can be gained from implementing those technologies. To understand the operational requirements, a qualitative study has been conducted, including interviews with industry experts and researchers, providing a deeper understanding of the requirements and the benefits. The empirical findings from the interviews were then analyzed with the help of the theoretical framework. The findings of this thesis highlighted multiple operational requirements that can halt the implementation of AVs in RORO terminals, including physical, digital, and technical infrastructure requirements. The dynamic environment of RORO terminals complicates the implementation and adoption of AVs. Some benefits can be gained from the implementation of AVs, such as efficiency gains, fewer errors, and increased productivity. Although there are requirements that can halt the implementation of AVs, certain processes can be automated, such as moving cassettes with an AV. There is still a long way to go for the implementation of AVs in RORO terminals. Before it can be fully adopted, several issues need to be addressed. These include the lack of standardized ULDs (Unit load devices), such as trailers, which currently need manual work connecting air hoses and cables; these tasks are not yet feasible for AVs. Furthermore, AVs will struggle to adapt in dynamic environments, such as RORO terminals, due to the design of the area and the cargo being handled there. Physical and digital infrastructure also pose limitations, such as space limitation, and real-time connectivity. Resolving these issues is necessary to enable AVs to operate safely and efficiently. Once resolved, RORO terminals can gain many benefits, such as gains in efficiency, productivity, and fewer errors.