From bystanders to immediate responders – how to enable civilians to respond to mass casualties
Date
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Background The number of prehospital deaths due to accidental injuries are high, and might be preventable if bystanders are prepared and could act quickly during the gap in time from incident to the arrival of the Emergency Medical Services (EMS). During Mass Casualty Incidents (MCI) multiple individuals require assessment and treatment simultaneously, placing greater strain on EMS response times, therefore actions from bystanders are even more important. The World Health Organization has urged every country to have a “culture of preparedness” amongst civilians such as educational programs yet there is no such preparedness in Sweden. Aim This study aims to investigate the willingness of Swedish civilians to act during emergencies and MCI. It also identifies the possible areas for further development and a foundation for future educational initiatives for civilians. Methods A descriptive, explorative, cross-sectional survey conducted through a self-selection web questionnaire which was distributed from Gothenburg Sweden between Sept and Oct 2018. Individuals 15 – 75 years of age and living in Sweden were included. Results 1246 individuals responded to the questionnaire, of which 1234 were included. The respondents were distributed into two groups based on their prior medical knowledge, the medical knowledge (MK) group (n=558), and the no medical knowledge (NMK) group (n=676). Overall a high willingness to respond to emergencies were observed among all groups. Having categorized the measures bystanders could conduct on the scene of an incident into treatment, assessment, and organization and logistic, the willingness of respondents in the treatment category increased from 72% initially to 91% when they were offered necessary education beforehand. The corresponding numbers in the assessment category were 50% and 83%, and in the organization & logistics category 52% and 78%, respectively. In the NMK group there was a statistically significant change (p<0.001) in individual’s attitude from initial negative or neutral to positive, in all 20 statements, when they were offered necessary education. Conclusions There is a great will to act in emergencies and MCI among civilians in Sweden who participated in the survey, but public education and thus knowledge is missing. A curriculum for what civilians should be able to do during emergencies and MCI, and what they should be taught, needs to be investigated by experts in the subject. Future studies need to focus on evaluation of education programs following implementation of such a curriculum.