Risk factors for developing brain metastases in cutaneous malignant melanoma
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Introduction: Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is with an increasing incidence one of the most common cancer forms in Sweden. With the highest propensity of all cancers to metastasise to the brain, brain metastases are a common cause of death in CMM. Current guidelines only describe screening and follow up programmes for CMM brain metastases to a limited extent. To improve the management of this challenging disease, risk factors must be discerned to optimise treatment of high-risk individuals. Aim: The primary purpose of this study is to identify potential risk factors associated with the development of brain metastases in CMM. Methods: Case-control study of patients with inoperable or metastatic CMM, handled directly or in consultation with the Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, between 1st of January 2013 and 30th of June 2019. Potential risk factors were evaluated by comparing data from patients who developed brain metastases, with patients who presented with extracranial disseminated disease only. Results: 402 cases were included in the study. 94 developed brain metastases. Variables found to be associated with the development of brain metastases included younger age, unknown primary tumour (PT), PT located on the torso, BRAF-V600 mutation and elevated levels of S-100 at time of inoperable or metastatic CMM. Conversely acral histological type and systemic treatment, particularly immunotherapy, were associated with lower risk of developing brain metastases. No differences were found in tumour thickness or presence of ulceration. Conclusions: The obtained data suggest that high risk individuals for development of brain metastases in CMM may benefit from more intense follow up including e.g., frequent MRI brain scans. The observation that patients receiving systemic treatment with immunotherapy are associated with having a lower risk of developing brain metastases than patients receiving other treatment warrant further investigation.