Immune Checkpoint Receptor Expression in NK Cells
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Background Immunotherapy for cancer has improved overall survival and revolutionized the field of oncology. Blockade of immune checkpoint receptors has reversed cancer-induced inhibition of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells have similar receptors. An attractive approach would be to activate the cytotoxic potential of NK cells using blocking agents to these receptors. NK cells have different combinations of inhibitory NKG2A and KIR receptors which when bound to their cognate ligands both set the functional potential and dampen the cytotoxic behavior of the NK cell, a process called licensing. Aim To develop a method for transcript analyses of genes encoding NK cell immune checkpoint receptors that may be used to gain further knowledge of how to block the inhibition while maintaining the licensed state. Method PCR primers for immune checkpoint receptors (CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3 and NKG2A) were designed and tested on IL-2 and IL-15 activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. NK cells were stimulated with IL-2 and leukemic K562 cells to trigger degranulation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was performed to identify responder cells of specific NK cell subsets. cDNA of the transcriptome was generated using reverse 2 transcription and the expression levels of immune checkpoint receptor genes was assayed using q-PCR. Results The primers developed were tested and shown to have good specificity. No consistent expression of PD-1 or CTLA-4 could be shown in any NK cell subsets. The LAG-3 level was notably low in NKG2A+ subsets. TIM-3 was expressed in all subsets. Conclusion The results suggest that the developed methodology may be useful in studying how immune checkpoint transcript phenotypes are related to NK cell function. Studying responses in transcript-positive cells could not be tested, as all KIR+NKG2A- NK cells were negative for NKG2A transcripts. Future experiments will be designed to find the time window where these transition NK cells are present, enabling us to discriminate between the educating role of NKG2A and its role as an activation marker.