Scaling digital tools for climate action in public sector

Abstract

Purpose: This study investigates how digital solutions for climate action are scaled within and across Swedish municipalities. It explores the enabling and impeding factors that influence the scaling process. Theory: Three complementary theories, Diffusion of Innovation Theory, Institutional Theory and Sociotechnical Systems Theory provided the theoretical framework for the study. Method: This study employed a qualitative research design based on deductive thematic analysis of 321 pages of semi-structured interview transcripts from 11 Swedish municipalities participating in the Viable Cities program. Using predefined themes, guided by the study´s theoretical framework and literature, we applied Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-step approach to identify patterns of adoption, uptake, scaling, diffusion, and institutionalization. The data were secondarily sourced from the Urban Twin Transition Centre and coded using Atlas.ti. Analysis was guided by Diffusion of Innovations, Institutional Theory, and Sociotechnical Systems Theory to explore enablers and barriers to digital climate solution scaling in municipalities. Results: Despite widespread piloting, most municipalities failed to institutionalize digital tools. Symbolic adoption, conceptual confusion, and middle-management resistance undermined scaling. Success hinged on leadership continuity, procedural integration, and procurement leverage. Peer networks supported diffusion, but capacity disparities limited uptake. True scaling occurred only when digital tools became embedded in governance routines and budget frameworks. Theoretical Contribution: This study advances theory by challenging the linearity assumed in Diffusion of Innovations, emphasizing the need for post-adoption infra-structure. It extends Institutional Theory by showing that isomorphic pressures alone are insufficient without local agency and structural embedding. Sociotechnical Systems Theory is deepened through insights on leadership stability, interdepartmental coordination, and alignment between external mandates and internal workflows. Limitations and future research: Future research should include more municipalities and investigate the long-term viability of new technologies, at regional or national levels. An evaluative study at the end of the Viable Cities programme is recommended