A head-to-head comparison of Alzheimer’s disease plasma biomarkers as predictors of one-year decline in cognitive subdomains
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Abstract
Objective There is scarce evidence how plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) relate cross-sectionally and longitudinally to cognitive subdomains. In this study, we investigated these features in a one-year prospective single-center memory clinic research cohort. Methods Individuals with AD dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), non-AD neurodegenerative diseases (Non-AD) and community-dwelling cognitively unimpaired (CU) controls from the Translational Biomarkers of Aging and Dementia (TRIAD) cohort (McGill University, Canada) were included. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (in a subset) biomarkers were measured at baseline. Positron emission tomography (PET) was used stratify groups for β-amyloid pathology. Measures of memory, language, executive function and global cognition were obtained at baseline and after one year (in a subset). Results 210 individuals (median age, % female) were included in the study, and comprised CU (n = 127; 71, 66), MCI (n = 48; 71, 54), AD (n = 18; 64, 61), and 17 (69; 47) individuals with non-AD neurodegenerative dementias. Phosphorylated (p)-tau 181 and p-tau231 in both CSF and SAHLGRENSKA ACADEMY plasma, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp) in plasma, increases along the AD continuum (defined as β-amyloid positive by PET) were seen compared to non-AD and CU without β-amyloid pathology. CU performed better on several neuropsychological measures after one year, whereas most were unaltered in cognitively impaired individuals. In CU, neuropsychological performance largely associated with age and years of education. However, for cognitively impaired individuals with β-amyloid pathology, associations were seen with plasma p-tau181, p-tau231 and GFAp in memory and global cognition. No associations were seen with baseline biomarker levels and subsequent cognitive decline in any of the measures. Conclusion Biomarkers in plasma reflect AD-specific pathophysiology, and significantly associate with severity of global cognitive and memory impairment. Furthermore, to investigate the prognostic capabilities of biomarker levels in cognitive subdomains, larger and longer studies are warranted.