Sustainable Management and Resilience of Eelgrass Meadows (Zostera marina) in Kalmar County, Sweden: Local Strategies for Ecosystem Conservation

Abstract

Eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows are foundational components of shallow coastal ecosystems in the Baltic Sea, providing critical ecological functions such as habitat provision, nutrient cycling, and shoreline stabilization. However, these meadows are under increasing pressure from environmental stressors including eutrophication, habitat degradation, and climate change. This study investigates the spatial patterns and ecological drivers of eelgrass distribution in Kalmar Sound, Sweden, with a focus on two representative sites: Köpingsvik and Stora Rör. Using a suite of biophysical indicators—including salinity, water temperature, Secchi depth, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient concentrations—we assessed environmental conditions and related them to eelgrass coverage and structure. In parallel, a governance analysis based on stakeholder interviews and SWOT evaluation identified institutional strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for conservation. Findings show that water quality, especially light penetration and nutrient load, is a key determinant of eelgrass vitality at Köpingsvik, whereas Stora Rör appears influenced by more complex, site-specific factors. Evidence of pondweed encroachment suggests ecological transitions that may indicate long-term habitat deterioration. While Kalmar County benefits from long-standing monitoring programs and stakeholder networks, implementation gaps persist in restoration practices and strategic adaptation to climate-related risks. This study highlights the importance of localized ecological data and context-specific governance to support adaptive management. By combining ecological monitoring with participatory approaches and policy alignment, Kalmar County can enhance the resilience of eelgrass meadows.