Composition and effect of windmill-derived microplastic

Abstract

One readily available and renewable energy that combats global warming and minimizes the use of fossil fuels is wind power. The next generation of power is likely to be more socially reliant on wind power as it is more economical and there are frequent upgrades in technology. Therefore, it is crucial to focus research on potential pollution from wind turbines, especially concerning microplastics (MP) generated by windmills, to boost sustainability and reduce pollution. Wind energy is a sustainable and readily available source that helps decrease reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change. With continuous technological advancements and improved efficiency, wind power is anticipated to take on a more important role in future energy generation. Consequently, it is essential to direct research toward potential pollution resulting from wind turbines, particularly regarding MP produced by windmills, to enhance sustainability and lessen pollution. The present study was conducted to identify the composition and effect of windmill-derived MP samples. Aiming to analyse the physical and chemical composition of the collected samples. Additionally, use fish as a bioindicator to determine the levels of MP pollution in the lakes near the Markbygden wind farm. Finally, analyse the cytotoxicity of the collected samples using an in vitro assay. In the methodology, two sites were selected, and windmill parts were collected from two different manufacturers. The collected samples were processed to create MP particles using a TissuLyser. The density measurement of the MP samples was conducted using a Bruker chamber with a light microscope (LM). The chemical composition of these MP samples was determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, followed by processing with Spectroscopy Ninja software. Finally, cytotoxicity analysis of aqueous and MeOH extracts from all MP samples was conducted. The viability of RTgill-W1 cells was evaluated after 48 hours of exposure to varying concentrations of aqueous and MeOH extracts using the Alamar Blue and CFDA-AM assays. The control experiment was conducted to determine any possible interference due to the MP particles themselves without RTgill-W1 cells. In the results, from all the samples processed, the MP particles obtained were within the size range of 1-50 μm, with varying densities, and they can be identified as compounds related to epoxy resin featuring a decaying structure. Moreover, for the observations of fish gut analysis, most fish were contaminated with white particles, Fibers, yellow lumps, and black particles, and from those white particles, it can be predicted that they are MP, but the source is unclear. Furthermore, cytotoxicity analysis revealed mild toxicity in the aqueous extract, whereas the unfiltered aqueous extract showed average cytotoxicity. MP particles showed interferences with the fluorescence and the AB assay. The MeOH extract exhibits considerable toxicity, which depends on dilution. The cytotoxicity of the MeOH extract decreases over time, indicating the instability of leachate chemicals.