Breaking the barriers and enhancing the enablers: A qualitative study on the state of adolescent girls’ education and the positive influence of NGO initiatives in Karnataka, India

Abstract

India, with a population of approximately 1.429 billion people and 65% under the age of 35, hosts one of the largest education systems in the world. This demographic presents both opportunities and challenges, such as providing quality education for every girl. Regional variations in education quality and disparities in school participation among girls are notable. Karnataka, a state in southern India, known for its prominent universities and tech hub Bangalore, faces challenges at the elementary and secondary education levels. Despite various governmental initiatives to promote girls’ education, the likelihood of girls dropping out is a concern. Recognising that the government alone cannot address these challenges, several NGOs are involved in supporting this issue. This study aims to explore the state of young adolescent girls’ education in Karnataka through the lens of NGOs operating in the state, by holistically focusing on both the barriers and enablers to girls’ education. Additionally, the study examines how the NGOs’ initiatives can positively influence girls’ educational participation. The study employs a qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews with representatives from four NGOs, supplemented by observations. The findings suggest that while the state in terms of resources and acknowledgment of the importance of girls’ education shows progress, the perception of girls’ educational achievements requires further promotion. Several barriers remain, related to social and cultural norms, cultural insensitivity, the quality of education, lack of motivation and financial factors. Access to governmental initiatives is not equal across the state. However, the enablers are increasing, due to efforts from both government and NGOs. These enablers include role models, adequate infrastructure, well-designed and accessible initiatives, community engagement, and an increasing recognition of the importance of girls’ education. The study further reveals that the NGOs’ initiatives are particularly effective in increasing motivation levels among parents and girls, enhancing girls’ agency as well as providing them with the means to access governmental resources aimed at promoting girls’ education.