When the Rubber Meets the Road -Ecotoxicological Hazard and Risk Assessment of Tire Wear Particles
Abstract
Large amounts of rubber particles are dispersed into the environment due to tire wear. The rubber contains a wide range of chemicals, including several of environmental concern. The purpose of this thesis, which is based on six papers [I–VI], was to assess the ecotoxicological hazard and risk associated with tire wear particles, with a main focus on the aquatic environment. A method was developed that enables rapid screening of the toxicity of tire particle leachates [I]. Acute and chronic toxicity of tire particle leachates to aquatic organisms was found to occur at concentrations ranging from 10 to >10 000 mg/l [I–IV]. The toxicity of wear material from different tires was found to vary with more than two orders of magnitude [I¬¬–II]. Toxicity identification studies (TIEs) identified organic compounds [II–IV] and Zn [IV] as the toxic components of tire particle leachates. Zn was also identified as the contaminant in the sediments of detention ponds, receiving road runoff, posing the highest threat to surrounding water bodies, and tire wear particles are a main source of this Zn contamination [V].
The Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) was calculated, according to European chemical risk assessment guidelines, based on long term tests with the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia and the microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata [IV]. The PNECs are 3.9 mg/l and 0.3 g/kg dw for water and sediments, respectively [VI]. A literature review of markers for tire wear in the environment showed tire particles to be present in surface waters, soils/sediments, air, and biota [VI]. Most of the tire particles are deposited on or close to the road surface and are then further transported by runoff water to receiving waters and sediments. The maximum Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of tire wear particles in surface water range from 0.03 to 56 mg/l, and the maximum PECs in sediments range from 0.3 to 155 g/kg dw [VI]. Thus, the upper range for PEC/PNEC ratios exceeds unity in both surface waters and sediments, meaning that tire wear particles constitute potential risks for aquatic organisms. The risk for the terrestrial environment is suggested to be restricted to the immediate road surroundings, and it is suggested that more research should be directed towards evaluating the health aspects associated with the inhalation of airborne tire particles [VI].
To conclude, the work presented in this thesis has shown that the contamination from tire wear particles needs to be reduced in order to protect receiving surface waters. This could be achieved by developing tires with more environmentally friendly constituents. Road runoff detention ponds are primary recipients of tire wear particles, and, therefore it is important that construction, environmental monitoring and management of such ponds receive increased attention.
Parts of work
I. Wik A, Dave G. 2005. Environmental labeling of car tires – toxicity to Daphnia magna can be used as a screening method. Chemosphere 58(5):645–651.::doi::10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.103 II. Wik A, Dave G. 2006. Acute toxicity of leachates of tire wear material to Daphnia magna – variability and toxic components. Chemosphere 64(10):1777–1784.::doi::10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.045 III. Wik A. 2007. Toxic components leaching from tire rubber. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 79(1):114–119.::doi::10.1007/s00128-007-9145-3 IV. Wik A, Nilsson E, Källqvist T, Tobiesen A, Dave G. 2008. Toxicity assessment of sequential leachates of tire powder using a battery of toxicity tests and toxicity identification evaluations. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A (in press). V. Wik A, Lycken J, Dave G. 2008. Sediment quality assessment of road runoff detention systems in Sweden and the potential contribution of tire wear. Water, Air & Soil Pollution (in press). VI. Wik A, Dave G. 2008. Occurrence and effects of tire wear particles in the environment – a critical review and an initial risk assessment. Accepted for publication in Environmental Pollution.
Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
University
Göteborgs universitet. Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten
Institution
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences ; Institutionen för växt- och miljövetenskaper
Disputation
Fredagen den 10 oktober 2008, kl. 10.00, Stora Föreläsningssalen, Institutionen för Växt- och Miljövetenskaper, Carl Skottbergsg. 22B, Göteborg
Date of defence
2008-10-10
anna.wik@dpes.gu.se
Date
2008-09-18Author
Wik, Anna
Keywords
tire wear
tire particles
rubber
leaching tests
ecotoxicity tests
Daphnia magna
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Danio rerio
toxicity identification evaluation
detention ponds
hazard assessment
risk assessment
Publication type
Doctoral thesis
ISBN
978-91-85529-20-9
Language
eng