Instrumental meteorological observation are too short for trying to estimate climate change and variability on multi-decadal and centennial time-scales, and when trying to evaluate the response of the climate system to ...

There is a broad scientific consensus that the global climate is changing, and that human activity is a significant factor contributing to the change. The response of the hydrological cycle to the warming is far reaching, ...

The present knowledge of temperature variability during the past millennium has been greatly improved due to an increasing availability of reconstructions made based on paleoclimate proxies, such as tree-rings. These ...