The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is steadily increasing because of human activities such as fossil fuel burning. To understand how this is affecting the planet, several pieces of knowledge of the ...

Climate has always attracted considerable interest, and climate observations have been made in various ways for most of human history. Regional climate and how it varies is of particular interest, as it sets the scene for ...

Oceans are capable of storing part of the emitted anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) due to the formation of carbonic acid and subsequent dissociation. CO2 is also assimilated by biota and the inorganic carbon system is ...

The phosphorus load to the oceans from land started to increase since around 1950 when man started to mine phosphorus-mineral from phosphorus-rich soils and bedrock. The increased use of phosphorus fertilizers in agriculture ...

The environmental state of the Baltic Sea system is influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Water exchange with the adjacent ocean and within the system depend on large-scale atmospheric circulation and ...

This thesis comprises of model estimates of the water and heat budgets, re-estimating of the budget of deep-water mixing energy, model studies of generation mechanisms for internal waves, sea ice dynamics and finally sea ...

Natural variability and anthropogenic factors both contribute to changes in the ocean climate of the Baltic Sea. Observations over the past century indicate that changes in environmental settings and ocean climate have ...